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Advanced Single-Stage Power Factor Correction Techniques Advanced Single-Stage Power Factor Correction Techniques
by
Jinrong Qian
Dissertation submitted to the faulty of the
Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University
in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of
Doctor of Philosophy
in
Electrical Engineering
Fred C. Lee, Chairman
Dusan Borojevic
Dan Y. Chen
Milan M. Jovanovic
Douglas Nelson
September 25, 1997
Blacksburg, Virginia
Key words: Power factor correction, power converter, electronic ballast
Copyright 1997, Jinrong Qian ii
Advanced Single-Stage Power Factor Correction Techniques
by
Jinrong Qian
Fred C. Lee, Chairman
Electrical Engineering
(ABSTRACT)
Five new single-stage power factor correction (PFC) techniques are developed for single-
phase applications. These converters are: Integrated single-stage PFC converters, voltage source
charge pump power factor correction (VS-CPPFC) converters, current source CPPFC converters,
combined voltage source current source (VSCS) CPPFC converters, and continuous input current
(CIC) CPPFC converters.
Integrated single-stage PFC converters are first developed, which combine the PFC
converter with a DC/DC converter into a single-stage converter. DC bus voltage stress at light
load for the single-stage PFC converters are analyzed. DC bus voltage feedback concept is
proposed to reduce the DC bus voltage stress at light load. The principle of operations of
proposed converters are presented, implemented and evaluated. The experimental results verify
the theoretical analysis.
VS-CPPFC technique use a capacitor in series with a high frequency voltage source to
achieve the PFC function. In this way, the input inductor is eliminated. VS-CPPFC AC/DC
converters are developed, and their performance is evaluated. VS-CPPFC electronic ballasts with
and without dimming function are also presented. The average lamp current control with duty
ratio modulation is developed so that the lamp operates in constant power with a low crest factor
over the line variation. The experimental results verify the CPPFC concept.
CS-CPPFC technique employs a capacitor in parallel with a high frequency current source
to obtain the PFC function. The unity power factor condition and principle of operation are
analyzed. By doing so, the switch has less switching current stress, and deals only with the iii
resonant inductor current. Design considerations and experimental results of the CS-CPPFC
electronic ballast are presented.
VSCS-CPPFC technique integrates the VS-CPPFC with the CS-CPPFC converters. The
circuit derivation, unity power factor condition and design considerations are presented. The
developed VSCS-CPPFC converters has constant lamp operation, low crest factor with a high
power factor even without any feedback control.
CIC-CPPFC technique is developed by inserting a small inductor in series with the line
rectifier for the conceptual VS-CPPFC, CS-CPPFC and VSCS-CPPFC circuits. The circuit
derivation and its unity power factor condition are discussed. The input current can be designed
to be continuous, and a small line input filter can be used. The circulating current in the resonant
tank and the switching current stress are minimized. The average lamp current control with
switching frequency modulation is developed, so the developed electronic ballast operates in
constant power, low crest factor. The developed CIC-CPPFC electronic ballast has features of
low line input current harmonics, constant lamp power, low crest factor, continuous input current,
low DC bus voltage stress, small circulating current and switching current stress over a wide
range of line input voltage. iv
Acknowledgments
I would like to express my sincere appreciation to my advisor, Dr. Fred C. Lee, for his
guidance, encouragement, and continued support throughout the course of this work. His
extensive knowledge, advice and creative thinking has been an invaluable help to this research
work.
I am grateful to Dr. Dusan Borojevic, Dr. Milan Jovanovic, and Dr. Dan Y. Chen for their
valuable discussions and comments on this work. I thank Dr. Douglas Nelson for serving as a
member of my advisory committee.
My study and research at the Virginia Power Electronics Center was enjoyable and
rewarding due to the excellent VPEC faculty, staff, and students. In particular, I would like to
thank Mr. Kunrong Wang, Dr. Guichao Hua, Mr. Wei Chen, Dr. Michael T. Zhang, Mr. Kun
Xing, Mr. Wilson Zhou, Mr. Richard Zhang, Mr. Pit-Leong Wong, Mr. Robin Chen.
I also would like to thank Mr. Qun Zhao and Mr. Fengfeng Tao for their help with the
experiments.
Recognition is extended to Mr. Batson Jeffrey and Mr. Jiyuan Luan for their assistance
and cooperation by providing parts and equipment.
I appreciate Mr. Tokushi Yamauchi and Naoki Onishi for their value suggestions,
comments, and continuous support throughout this work
I would like to give my heartfelt appreciation to my parents, Songyuan Qian and Xiebao
Jiang, who brought me up with their love and encouraged me to pursue further education.
I would like to thank my wife, Chun Lin, who has always been there with her love,
encouragement, and understanding during the past years.
This work is supported by Matsushita Electric Work Research and Development
Laboratory, Woburn, MA. v
Table of Contents
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION
1.1
Background
1
1.2
Review of Present Power Factor Correction Techniques
2
1.3
Motivation and Objectives
8
1.4
Dissertation Outline
9
CHAPTER 2 INTEGRATED SINGLE-STAGE SINGLE-SWITCH POWER
FACTOR CORRECTION CONVERTERS..
11
2.1
Introduction.
11
2.2
DC Bus Voltage Stress for S
4
-PFC Converters
12
2.2.1 DCM PFC + CCM DC/DC
15
2.2.2 DCM PFC + DCM DC/DC
16
2.3
Integrated Single-stage Power Factor Correction AC/DC Converter
16
2.3.1 Principle of Operation
16
2.3.2 Voltage Stress across the Bulk Capacitor C
B
19
2.3.3 Current Stress across the Main Switch
21
2.3.4 Experimental Verification
22
2.4
Single-Stage Single-Switch Power Factor Correction (S
4
-PFC) Converter
with DC Bus Voltage Feedback
25
2.4.1 DC Bus Voltage Feedback Concept
25
2.4.2 S
4
-PFC BIFRED AC/DC Converter with DC Bus Voltage Feedback
28
2.4.3 Topology Variation
35
2.4.4 Experimental Verification
35
2.5
Summary
40
CHAPTER 3 VOLTAGE SOURCE CHARGE PUMP POWER FACTOR

CORRECTION (VS-CPPFC) CONVERTERS
42
3.1
Introduction
42
3.2
Derivation of the VS-CPPFC Converter
42
3.3
Unity Power Factor Condition
46
3.4
VS-CPPFC AC/DC Converters
49 vi
3.4.1 Principle of Operation
49
3.4.2 Extended VS-CPPFC AC/DC Converters
55
3.4.3 Experimental Results
57
3.5
Single-switch CPPFC AC/DC Converter
57
3.5.1 Circuit Derivation
59
3.5.2 Steady-State Analysis
61
3.5.3 Experimental Verification
64
3.6
VS-CPPFC Electronic Ballast
68
3.6.1 Basic VS-CPPFC Electronic Ballast
68
3.6.2 VS-CPPFC Electronic Ballast with Second Resonance
71
3.6.2.1 Steady-State Analysis and Design Considerations
73
3.6.2.2 Experimental Verification
78
3.6.2.3 A Family of VS-CPPFC Electronic Ballasts
80
3.7
VS-CPPFC Continuous Dimming Electronic Ballast
82
3.7.1 Constant Lamp Power Control
83
3.7.1.1 Feed-Forward lamp Power Control
84
3.7.1.2 Average Lamp Current Control with Duty Ratio Modulation
86
3.7.2 Experimental Verification
87
3.8
Summary
92
CHAPTER 4 CURRENT SOURCE CHARGE PUMP POWER FACTOR

CORRECTION (CS-CPPFC) CONVERTERS
93
4.1
Introduction
93
4.2
Circuit Derivation
94
4.3
Unity Power Factor Condition
94
4.4
CS-CPPFC Electronic Ballast
98

4.4.1 Principle of Operation
98

4.4.2 Design Considerations
102

4.4.3 A Family of CS-CPPFC Electronic Ballasts
104

4.4.4 Experimental Verifications
105 vii
4.5
Summary
111
CHAPTER 5 VOLTAGE SOURCE CURRENT SOURCE CHARGE PUMP POWER

FACTOR CORRECTION (VSCS-CPPFC) CONVERTER
112
5.1
Introduction
112
5.2
Circuit Derivation
112
5.3
Steady-State Analysis and Unity Power Factor Condition
117
5.4
Design Considerations
122

5.4.1 Selection of Charge Pump Capacitors C
y1
and C
y2
123

5.4.2 Selection of Resonant Components L
r
, C
r
and C
in
123
5.5
Experimental Verification
124

5.5.1 Preheat and Start-up Characteristics
124

5.5.2 Steady-State Characteristics
125
5.6
Summary
128
CHAPTER 6 CONTINUOUS INPUT CURRENT CHARGE PUMP POWER

FACTOR CORRECTION (CIC-CPPFC) CONVERTERS
130
6.1
Introduction
130
6.2
Circuit Derivation
131
6.3
Unity Power Factor Condition
135
6.4
Basic CIC-CPPFC Electronic Ballast
139

6.4.1 Principle of Operation
139

6.4.2 A Family of CIC-CPPFC Electronic Ballasts
141

6.4.3 Design Considerations
143

6.4.4 Exp