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C C P S





C C P S

CENTER FOR CHEMICAL PROCESS SAFETY



Combined Glossary of Terms

Spring 2005




This list of glossary terms was compiled from the following CCPS Guidelines:

o Hazard Evaluation Procedures (G1)
o Hazard Evaluation Procedures - 2nd Edition (G1+)
o Safe Storage & Handling of High Toxic Hazard Materials (G3)
o Vapor Release Mitigation (G4)
o Chemical Process Quantitative Risk Analysis (G6)
o Process Equipment Reliability Data (G7)
o Technical Management of Chemical Process Safety (G8)
o Safety, Health & Loss Prevention in Chemical Processes (G17)
o Safe Automation of Chemical Processes (G24)
o Guidelines for Safe Warehousing of Chemicals (G33)
o Chemical Reactivity Evaluation and Application to Process Design (G35)
o Incident Investigation (G56)
o Estimating the Flammable Mass of a Vapor Cloud (G60)
o Guidelines for Process Safety in Batch Reaction Systems (G62)
o Deflagration and Detonation Flame Arresters (G64)
o Avoiding Static Ignition Hazards In Chemical Operations (G67)
o Guidelines for Process Safety in Outsourced Manufacturing Operations (G68)
o Revalidating Process Hazard Analyses (G71)
o Wind Flow and Vapor Cloud Dispersion at Industrial and Urban Sites (G75)
o Essential Practices for Managing Chemical Reactivity Hazards (G81)
o Guidelines for Investigating Chemical Process Incidents Second Edition (G82)o Guidelines for Fire
Protection in Chemical, Petrochemicals and Hydrocarbon Processing Facilities (G83)




2
Abort
To terminate a procedure, such as the running of a computer
program or the printing of a document while it is still in progress.

The process of halting a computer program in an orderly fashion and
returning control to the operator or operating system. Abnormal
termination of a computer program, caused by hardware or software
malfunction or operator cancellation.

G24
Absolute Application (of
CPQRA)
The application of CPQRA in which the results of the analysis are
compared against predetermined risk targets.

G6
Accelerating rate
calorimetry (ARC)
A technique in which a substance is heated in stages
until very slow decomposition [or other reaction] is
detected. The substance is then held under adiabatic
conditions and the course of the decomposition [or
other reaction] is monitored. (Also the name of a
commercial test apparatus.)
Barton and Rogers 1997
G81



Accident, Accident
Sequence, or Scenario
An unplanned event or sequence of events that results in undesirable
consequences. An incident with specific safety consequences or
impacts.
G1+









Accident





Accident
An undesirable, unplanned combination of events or circumstances
that lead to physical harm to people or damages to property. Usually
the result of contact with a source of energy above the threshold
limit of the body or structure.

An event in which property damage, detrimental environmental
impact, or human loss (either injury or death) occurs.

G56





G82
Accidental Chemical
Release
An unintended, or sudden release of chemical(s) from manufacturing,
processing, handling, or on-site storage facilities to the air, water, or
land.

G56
G60
G68
G82



ACGIH
American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists; an
organization of professional personnel in governmental agencies or
educational institutions engaged in occupational safety and health
programs.

Importance:
ACGIH develops and publishes recommended
occupational exposure limits (see TLV) for hundreds of chemical
substances and physical agents.

G17
Action Tracking
A method of logging progress when implementing a task or set of
tasks.

G82


3
Activation Energy






Activation Energy
Constant Ea in the exponential part of the Arrhenius equation
associated with the minimum energy difference between the
reactants and an activated complex, which has a structure
intermediate to those of the reactants and the products (transition
state) or with the minimum collision energy between molecules that
is required to enable a reaction.

The constant
E
in the exponential part of the
Arrhenius equation, associated with the minimum
energy difference between the reactants and an
activated complex (transition state), which has a
structure intermediate to those of the reactants and
the products, or with the minimum collision energy
between molecules that is required to enable a
reaction to occur. It is a constant that defines the
effect of temperature on reaction rate.
CCPS 1995a, Barton and Rogers 1997


G35






G81
Active Equipment
Denotes physical motion or activity in the performance of the
equipment's function, as with rotating machinery.

G7
Active System
A system in which failures are immediately evident during normal
operation.

G24
Acute Effect
An adverse effect on a human or animal body, with severe
symptoms developing rapidly and coming quickly to a crisis. See
also, "Chronic".

Importance:
How much and how long one is exposed to a chemical
is the critical factor to how adverse the health effects will be.

G17



Acute Exposure
A short-term or rare exposure to a toxic agent in a single episode
that is unlikely to recur.
G3






Acute Hazard
The potential for injury or damage to occur as a result of an
instantaneous or short duration exposure to the effects of an
undesirable event (e.g., an explosion with the potential for causing
damage and injury).

G3



Acute Toxicity
The adverse (acute) effects resulting from a single dose or exposure
to a substance.

Importance:
Ordinarily used to denote effects in experimental
animals.

G17 4
Ad Hoc Investigation
An incident investigation fashioned from the immediately available
information and concerns. Typically, the ad hoc investigation is
performed whenever there are no prior investigation procedures. A
synonym to ad hoc is
unsystematic
.

G82



Adiabatic


Adiabatic

A system condition in which no heat is exchanged between the
chemical system and its environment.

No heat transfer occurs to or from the environment
surrounding the sample, including the sample
container. HSE 2000


G35


G81
Adiabatic
decomposition
temperature rise
An estimation of the computed temperature which a
specimen would attain if all of the enthalpy (heat) of
decomposition reaction were to be absorbed by the
sample itself. High values represent high hazard
potential.

G81



Adiabatic Induction Time
Induction period to event (spontaneous ignition, explosion, etc.) (ri)
under adiabatic conditions. When log (ri) is plotted against 1/T a
straight line is obtained.

G35
Adiabatic Lapse Rate
(ALR)
See Dry Adiabatic Lapse Rate.


G6
Adiabatic Temperature
Rise
Maximum increase in temperature that can be achieved. This
increase only occurs when the substance or reaction mixture
decomposes completely and at adiabatic conditions. The adiabatic
temperature rise follows from:
DTad = co o -DHr / r o Cp
In case of pure organic substances (Cp Å 2 kJ/kg K) the adiabatic
temperature rise is often approximated by DTad = DHr / 2 with -DHr
in kJ/kg.

G35
Administrative Controls
Procedural mechanisms, such as lockout/tagout procedures, for
directing and/or checking human performance on plant tasks.

G1+
Advection
The transport of material by and in the wind
G60
Aerosol Fraction
The fraction of liquid phase, 1
x
, which, after flashing to the
atmosphere, remains suspended as an aerosol.

G60
Agency
The principal object, substance, or material inflicting the physical
harm or property damage in an accident.

G35
Aggregation
The statistical combination of several data points to form a single
data point and confidence interval.

G7 5
Air
Sea level concentrations of the six principal constituents of dry air
are given in the following table. Dry air is often obtained by drying
compressed atmospheric air using a suitable drying agent. In some
cases dry air is made up in cylinders using 20.95 mol% oxygen
with the balance being exclusively nitrogen. Care should be taken
that argon is not
analyzed as oxygen, as can occur in GC analysis. Dry air contains a