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The Development of Modelling Strategies for Whole Sky Spectrums under Real Conditions for International Use ARC Project A89131897
The Development of Modelling
Strategies for Whole Sky Spectrums
under Real Conditions for
International Use
Geoffrey G. Roy
Nancy Ruck
Graeme Reid
Frederick C. Winkelmann
Warren Julian
University of Sydney
Murdoch University
September 1995 ARC Project A89131897
Final Report
The Development of Modelling
Strategies for Whole Sky Spectrums
under Real Conditions for
International Use
Geoffrey G. Roy
Computer Science, PSET,
Murdoch University,
Murdoch WA 6150
Nancy C. Ruck
Department of Architectural & Design Science
University of Sydney,
Sydney NSW 2006
Graeme Reid
Computer Science, PSET,
Murdoch University,
Murdoch WA 6150
Frederick C. Winkelmann
Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory
Berkeley, California 94720
United States of America
Warren Julian
Department of Architectural & Design Science
University of Sydney,
Sydney NSW 2006
The University of Sydney
Murdoch University
September 1995 Acknowledgments
This is the final report from a research project aimed at the development of a new universal
method for the development of sky luminance models for use in daylighting studies and the
simulation of interior lighting conditions in buildings.
Financial support for the project came from the Australian Research Council (Grant No.
A89131897), and is gratefully acknowledged. Contents
SUMMARY ................................................................................................................. 1
1.0
Project Objectives ................................................................................... 1
2.0
Main Results........................................................................................... 2
3.0
Work Program Description ..................................................................... 2
4.0
Determination of Future Research Directions .......................................... 3
TECHNICAL REPORT................................................................................................ 4
1.0 Introduction and Overview................................................................................... 4
1.1
Introduction............................................................................................ 4
1.2
Overview ................................................................................................ 4
2.0 Sky Models and Modelling................................................................................... 6
2.1
Introduction............................................................................................ 6
2.2
Standard sky models ............................................................................... 8
2.3
Other sky models .................................................................................... 9
2.4
Sky models from measured luminance data............................................ 10
2.6
Conclusions .......................................................................................... 12
3.0 New Modelling Strategies .................................................................................. 13
3.1
Model Types......................................................................................... 13
3.2
Design Requirements ............................................................................ 14
3.3
Model Forms ........................................................................................ 15
3.4
Modelling Data Structures for SDF....................................................... 19
4.0 The SDF Access Functions................................................................................. 23
4.1
Accessing SDF Models ......................................................................... 23
4.2
Model Manipulation Functions.............................................................. 23
4.3
Model Parameter Functions................................................................... 25
4.4
Analysis Functions ................................................................................ 25
4.5
User Libraries ....................................................................................... 25
5.0 Contouring and Interpolation ............................................................................. 31
5.1
The Contouring Task ............................................................................ 31
5.2
Constructing the Surface Model............................................................ 31
5.2
Surface Approximation ......................................................................... 36
5.4
Reconstructing the Surface ................................................................... 37
6.0 Modelling Operators .......................................................................................... 39
6.1
Using Sky Models................................................................................. 39
6.2
Operating on SDF Models .................................................................... 39
6.3
Standard SDF Operators....................................................................... 41
6.4
Operator Function Descriptions ............................................................ 44 7.0 The SKYMAP Interactive Modelling Package.................................................... 46
7.1
Functional Overview ............................................................................. 46
7.2
Operation of the SKYMAP System....................................................... 47
7.3
Model Displays ..................................................................................... 54
7.4
Example Displays.................................................................................. 57
8.0 Example Use of SDF Operators ......................................................................... 60
8.1
Operator Use ........................................................................................ 60
8.2
An Intermediate Sky ............................................................................. 60
8.3
A Localised Clear Sky........................................................................... 62
8.4
Ratio of Two Skies ............................................................................... 65
9.0 Macro Programming .......................................................................................... 66
10.0 Practical Validation of SDF Models ................................................................... 70
10.1 Daylight Study Comparisons ................................................................. 70
10.2 Adding SDF Functionality to DOE-2 .................................................... 72
10.3 The Results - Overcast Sky ................................................................... 74
10.4 The Results - Clear Sky......................................................................... 78
10.5 Summary .............................................................................................. 79
11.0 Conclusions ....................................................................................................... 82
References .................................................................................................................. 84
Publications from the Project....................................................................................... 87
Appendix A. Various Formulae ................................................................................... 88
Sun Position .................................................................................................... 88
Normal Incident Extraterrestrial Irradiance ...................................................... 89
CIE Standard Overcast Sky (CIE, 1990).......................................................... 89
CIE Standard Clear Sky (CIE, 1973) ............................................................... 90
CIE Intermediate Sky ...................................................................................... 90
Perez All-Weather Model (Perez, et al, 1992) .................................................. 91
Harrison Sky Model (Harrison, 1991) .............................................................. 93
BRE Average Sky Model (Littlefair, 1981) ...................................................... 94
Nakamura Intermediate Sky Model (Nakamura et al, 1987) ............................. 94
Appendix B. Commonly Used SDF Parameter Types .................................................. 95
Appendix C. Descriptions of SDF Functions................................................................ 96
Included in Library sdf ...........