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REA* generating plants connected to the high- and extra-high voltage net- work








REA* generating plants connected to
the high- and extra-high voltage net-
work

(*REA generating plants are all generating facilities eligible for promotion under the German Renew-
able Energy Sources Act REA (German abbreviation: EEG - Erneuerbare-Energien-Gesetz))

Guidelines (in addition to the network codes) for renewables-based generat-
ing plants connection to and parallel operation on the high- and extra-high
voltage network

























© Verband der Netzbetreiber - VDN e.V. beim VDEW
Robert-Koch-Platz 4, 10115 Berlin
phone: 030/726 148-0, fax: 030/726 148-200
info@vdn-berlin.de, www.vdn-berlin.de

August 2004 edition
VDN guidelines on REA generating plants connected to the HV and EHV networks
Introduction

The Transmission Code (TC) of VDN describes the requirements which have to be met by
power stations (generating plants) to satisfy system needs. Many years of experience
gained by network and power station operators and by power plant manufacturers have
been taken into consideration in this paper.
The strong increase in the number of generating plants eligible for promotion according to
the Renewable Energy Sources Act - REA (German abbreviation: EEG - Erneuerbare Ener-
gien-Gesetz) requires that new considerations be given to these issues which will be intro-
duced into the TC and are also described in the present guidelines for a practice-oriented
connection of REA generating plants to the HV and EHV networks.

The previous VDEW guidelines dealing with auto-producers generating plants connected to
the medium-voltage network (Eigenerzeugungsanlagen am Mittelspannungsnetz) [1] and
with generating plants connected to the low-voltage network (Erzeugungsanlagen am
Niederspannungsnetz) [2] (planned to be updated) define the requirements to be satisfied
by the behaviour of generation facilities connected to the medium and low-voltage net-
works. The basic principle underlying the two guidelines is to minimize repercussions of
generating plants upon the distribution network and thus to maintain the quality of supply.
Furthermore, these requirements ensure a fast disconnection of generating plants from the
network in the event of disturbances in the distribution network.

Due to the increase in the number of generating plants which, pursuant to the Law concern-
ing the Primacy of Renewable Energies (Renewable Energy Sources Act (Erneuerbare-
Energien-Gesetz - EEG) of 21 July 2004, are given priority treatment with regard to their
network connection and commitment, there are partly other requirements than hitherto
which have to be satisfied by the behaviour of these plants in normal operation and in the
case of system faults to continue to ensure stable system operation necessary for a reliable
supply. REA generating plants with direct connection to the HV and EHV network must ac-
tively participate in future in voltage and frequency control. For instance, the feed-in power
lost as a result of a network fault needs to be limited to avoid uncontrolled spreading of the
disturbance; therefore, a rapid disconnection of generating plants in the event of faults in
the higher-voltage network must no longer be performed in an unselective manner.

The guidelines below summarize the essential aspects which have to be taken into consid-
eration for connection to the HV and EHV networks of the network operator to make sure
that the security and reliability of system operation pursuant to the Renewable Energy
Sources Act be maintained also in the light of a rising number of REA generating plants.
These guidelines shall serve as a basis to the network operator and to the manufacturer and VDN guidelines on REA generating plants connected to the HV and EHV networks
operator of these generating plants in the planning and decision-making process regarding
the connection and operation of the plant.

The guidelines refer exclusively to technical requirements. Property and cost defrayment
questions are not dealt with in this context.

Naturally, this VDN guide can only refer to plants of usual design. For special construction
lines, these guidelines shall be applied analogously by taking account of the given network
structure.

The behaviour of conventional power stations connected to the network is mutually coordi-
nated. Some of the requirements resulting from that cannot be satisfied by REA generating
plants at a reasonable expenditure. On the other hand, new generation concepts offer the
possibility to meet certain requirements in a more flexible way. Therefore, the coordination
of the requirements between networks and REA generating plants must be jointly rebal-
anced between plant manufacturers and network operators. Along these lines, the charac-
teristics of generation facilities required in the present guidelines can only represent the cur-
rent state of knowledge. They take account of the current needs of electricity networks. A
further increase in the number of REA generating plants may require additional, and possi-
bly extended requirements in future. VDN guidelines on REA generating plants connected to the HV and EHV networks

The following persons cooperated in the Task Force charged with the elaboration of these
guidelines by the VDN Steering Committee on Network Technology:

Dr.-Ing.
Yvonne Saßnick, Vattenfall Europe Transmission, Berlin
Dipl.-Ing.
Frank Ehlers, E.ON Hanse AG, Quickborn
Dipl.-Ing.
Johannes Aichner, EnBW Regional AG, Stuttgart
Dipl.-Ing.
Kurt Heidenreich, HEW AG, Hamburg
Dipl.-Ing.
Klaus Hinz, e.dis Energie Nord AG, Demmin
Dipl.-Ing.
Mirko Koschnick, envia Mitteldeutsche Energie AG, Chemnitz
Dipl.-Ing.
Holger Kühn, E.ON Netz GmbH, Bayreuth
Dipl.-Ing.
Martin Lösing, RWE Transportnetz Strom, Dortmund
Dipl.-Ing.
Hartwig Roth, VDN, Berlin
Dr.-Ing.
Karl-Heinz Weck, FGH, Mannheim






Translation: Edith Kammer-Strnad/VDN
VDN guidelines on REA generating plants connected to the HV and EHV networks
© Verband der Netzbetreiber VDN , August 2004
page
6/85
Contents
1

General ................................................................................................... 9

1.1

Scope of application ................................................................................... 9

1.2

Glossary ................................................................................................. 10

1.3

Provisions and regulations......................................................................... 18

1.4

Application procedure and connection-relevant documents ............................ 18

2

Network connection .............................................................................. 20

2.1

Principles for the determination of the point of connection............................. 20

2.2

Dimensioning of network equipment........................................................... 21

2.3

Admissible voltage band during undisturbed network operation ..................... 21

2.4

Network interactions ................................................................................ 22

2.4.1

Voltage changes attributable to switching operations .......................... 22

2.4.2

Long-term flicker ........................................................................... 23

2.4.3

Harmonics and inter-harmonics ....................................................... 24

2.4.4

Interactions with audio-frequency centralized ripple-control installations26

2.5

Behaviour in the event of network disturbances ........................................... 28

2.5.1

Short-circuit current contribution ..................................................... 28

3

Plant design .......................................................................................... 30

3.1

Connection facility.................................................................................... 30

3.2

Primary facility ........................................................................................ 30

3.2.1

Line point of delivery ...................................................................... 32

3.2.2

Switchgear point of delivery ............................................................ 32

3.2.3

Neutral point treatment .................................................................. 32

3.3

Secondary technical equipment ..................