ngs; Technical documents in hydrology; Vol.:79; 2006


International
Hydrological Programme
of UNESCO



Practices and experiences
of water and wastewater
technology



Proceedings of the Seminar organized by the Regional Water-Management;-Practices-and-experiences-of-water-/' >Centre
on Urban Water Management (RCUWM-Tehran)

5-7 October 2004
Muscat, Sultanate of Oman

















IHP-VI Technical Documents in Hydrology No. 79
UNESCO, Paris, 2006
Published in 2006 by the International Hydrological Programme (IHP) of the
United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)
1 rue Miollis, 75732 Paris Cedex 15, France


IHP-VI Technical Document in Hydrology N°79
UNESCO Working Series SC-2006/WS/13


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Printed in UNESCOs workshops
Paris,
France PREFACE

The 21
st
century could be considered as an urbanizing century. According to statistics, by the year
2020 almost 60 percent of the worlds population will be settled in urban areas. This trend is already
apparent in some countries like Iran, and is predicted to further increase over the next 15 years.

Yet population growth in urban areas results in increased water demands. Finite water resources and
difficulties in managing water and wastewater lead to the three following types of challenges:

o
Social challenges: the need for fair water allocation in different sectors, sustainable and
reliable water supply and water conveyance for the population, and the creation of facilities to
hygienically dispose of wastewater, particularly in poor residential urban areas;
o
Environmental challenges: the need to deal with increases in urban wastewater; and
o
Financial challenges: the need to meet expenses for water supply and water treatment.

Overcome these challenges, providing suitable action plans - and thereby achieving the Millennium
Development Goals and those of the Johannesburg World Summit on Sustainable Development (2002)
- requires extensive activities at the national, international and regional levels.

Already, political and civil societies have increasingly expressed concern about and interest in water-
related problems and water management. Commitment and activism has been demonstrated by the UN
entitling the decade from 2005 to 2015 as "Water for Life", as well as through regional solutions, plans
and conferences, such as "Water for African Cities" and "Water for Asian Cities". Efficient
cooperation is required for the execution phase of these plans, and, together with other local and civil
society initiatives, they constitute high priorities in addressing todays water and wastewater related
challenges.

It is expected that continuing to hold regionally-based seminars will provide a positive way forward.
Seminars help to focus on regionally important problems and identify deficiencies, potential risks and
threats associated with current means of water and wastewater management, while also enabling
participants to suggest realistic solutions.

Water is a finite yet important resource, the cornerstone of sustainable development in urban areas,
and vital to economic and social development. I believe that, in order to promote it as such, the
following points should be considered in executive and operational policies and plans:

o
Methods of integrated water resources management in urban areas that take into account
social, environmental and economic constraints;
o
Harmony between programming and executing regulations relating to urban development and
water resources planning and management;
o
Consideration of demand management as a priority strategy in urban water management
planning;
o
Support of technology propagation in order to reduce wastewater in urban water distribution
systems, water harvesting in urban areas and reusing wastewater, for example;
o
Promotion of good governance in urban water management;
o
Promotion of supply methods for financial recourses through modern approaches and water
pricing.

Undoubtedly, concentrating on such approaches will help secure the sustainability of international
cooperation between different countries in the region.


i I hope that these suggestions, along with the other key notes that are exchanged during this seminar,
particularly those valuable papers which are presented, as well as the outcomes of the seminar, will be
helpful for decision makers, experts and those involved in urban water management in the region.

The Regional Water-Management;-Practices-and-experiences-of-water-/' >Centre on Urban Water Management (RCUWM Tehran) hereby declares its intention
and preparedness to follow relevant suggestions and recommendations in this respect.

I also wish to express my sincere appreciation and acknowledgement of our partners from the Ministry
of Municipalities, Environment and Water Resources, Sultanate of Oman and the Federal Ministry of
Education and Research, Germany - both of whom are respectful members of the Governing Board of
the Water-Management;-Practices-and-experiences-of-water-/' >Centre - due to their efforts in organizing such a fruitful event as this in Muscat, Oman.


Reza Ardakanian, Director
Regional Water-Management;-Practices-and-experiences-of-water-/' >Centre on Urban Water Management Tehran


Address:
No. 120, Khoramshahr St., Tehran, 1553713511, Iran
Tel:

+98 21 88 75 49 36


Fax:

+98 21 88 74 12 30
Email:
info@rcuwm.org.ir



Website:
www.rcuwm.org.ir



ii TABLE OF CONTENTS

Preface

i
Desalination in Oman and the Fundamentals of Reverse Osmosis design
Ahmed Al-Busaidi

1
Quality Aspects Of Reclaimed Domestic Wastewater In Jordan
Uleimat, Ahmed Ali

15
Data and Information Management for Capacity Building of the Water Resources Sector in
Indonesia
M. A. Fulazzak, H. Akil

26
Evaluation of the Performance of Carbon Dioxide Removal Processes in Reverse Osmosis
Desalination Systems
Professor Dr. Alaa Abdulrazaq Jassim; Professor Dr. Saleh Ismial, Mahmood Shaker

35
Water Reuse: An Overview
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Peter Cornel and Dipl.-Ing.Barbara Weber

38
Measures to Minimize Water Consumption and Water Losses - Case Study Of Berlin
Bernd Heinzmann

48
Middle East Desalination Research Water-Management;-Practices-and-experiences-of-water-/' >Centre: A Contribution to Desalination Research and
Development
Kandi Venkat Reddy and Mousa K. Abu Arabi

58
Wastewater Management in Urban and Rural Areas: A Review of The Islamic Republic Of
Irans Experiences
Seyed Ali Mahmoudian

75
Supply and Consumption Management in Megacities: Experiences of theMegacity of Tehran

Sattar Mahmoudi

92
Training And Capacity Building In Water And Water Technology In Egypt
Mohamed B. Abdel Ghany, Dalal S. Alnaggar

102
Public Education: An Effective Water Demand Management Strategy
Niaz Mazaraa

117
Refinery Wastewater Treatment By Microfiltration And Ultrafiltration Membranes
Noreddine Ghaffour1, Jean Luc Negrel andRahim Jassim

122
Wastewater Technology In Yemen
Dr. Fadhl Ali Al-Nozaily

133
Overcoming Constraints In Treated Greywater Reuse In Oman
SA Prathapar, A.Jamrah, M Ahmed, S Al Adawi, S Al Sidair and A Al Harassi

138
Desalination Privatization In The Sultanate Of Oman Case Study: Barka Power and
Desalination Plant
Taher M. Ali Sajwani andAhmed Al Subhi
148

iii Decentralized Wastewater Use For Urban Agriculture In Peri-Urban Areas: An Imminent
Option For The Organisation Of Islamic Conference Countries
Al-Beiruti, Shihab N.

151
Use Of Pyroaurite Type Sorbent, Activated Carbon And Flyash In Reducing Cod Of
Domestic Wastewater
Dr R.P. Singh, Piyush Gupta, Namrata Gupta and Radha Gupta

160
Removal Of Heavy Metals From Electroplating Effluents By Carbonized Agrowastes
R.P Singh, N. Gupta, R. Suman and Radha Gupta

167
Ash'sharqiyah Sands Water Supply Scheme
Eng. Zaher Bin Khalid Al Sulaimani, Eng. Said Bin Khamis Al Khamisi, Dr. Ali Gharbi, Eng.
Ziad Al Aswad

174
Fayoum City Sewage Treatment Plant, Development Stages, Case Study
Ahmed El-Zayat

189


iv DESALINATION IN OMAN AND THE
FUNDAMENTALS OF REVERSE OSMOSIS DESIGN


Ahmed Al-Busaidi
Ministry of Housing, Electricity and Water, Sultanate of Oman
Tel: +968 699177, Fax: +968 607076, Email: abusaidi@omantel.net.om


ABSTRACT

Desalination is the process of