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MicroCHP The Next Level in Efficiency MicroCHP The Next Level in Efficiency
Tom Butcher
Brookhaven National Laboratory
2003 National Oilheat Research Alliance
Technology Symposium
New England Fuel Institute Convention
Boston - June 9, 2003 36.8 Quads
Primary Fuel
100%
11.5 Quads
Electric Power
31.3%
1.1 Quads
Transmission Loss
3.1%
24.2 Quads
Conversion Loss (heat)
64.6%
EIA 2000 Data
United States Electric Power Generation
United States Electric Power Generation What is it?
Residential energy systems which provide
heat, some of the homes electric power,
and potentially cooling via absorption
In the future we can also expect to see far more micro-CHP
efficienct, small scale heating and electricity generation systems in
homes as well as businesses
Our Energy Future Creating a Low Carbon Economy. Presented to
Parliament by the UK Secretary of State for Trade and Industry,
February, 2003.
Source -
www.dti.gov.uk/energy/whitepaper/ourenergyfuture.pdf Technologies
Technologies
PEM Fuel Cells
Solid Oxide Fuel Cells
Stirling Engines
Rankine Cycles
Thermoelectrics
Thermophotovoltaics Fuel Cells
Fuel Cells
Low temperature fuel cell stack
Natural gas-fired
T/E = 1.8
Grid connected or stand alone
PEM
SOLID OXIDE
High temperature stack slow startup
More fuel flexible Example Solid Oxide FC - Hexis
Example Solid Oxide FC - Hexis
Source: Sulzer-Hexis Example Solid Oxide FC - Hexis
Example Solid Oxide FC - Hexis
HXS 1000 Premier
Output: 1 kW electric
2.5 kW thermal ( 8500 BTU/hr)
Auxiliary burner as needed
Fuel natural gas / steam reformer (oil under
development)
Base loaded during heating season
Completed 90,000 hour / 6 unit field test in 2001
Target 400 installed units by the end of 2003
Utilities as owners / operators Example Solid Oxide FC - Hexis
Example Solid Oxide FC - Hexis
Source: Sulzer-Hexis Example: Organic Cycle Inergen System
Example: Organic Cycle Inergen System
Burner
Expander
Alternator
Condenser
Feed Pump
Exhaust Outlet
Gas Valve
Working
Fluid
Evaporator
Power Out
Hot
Water Out
Power Module
Hydronic
(Hot Water)
Pump
Natural Gas
Draft Fan
Inlet Air
Source: Battelle Columbus Laboratory Example: Organic Cycle Inergen System
Example: Organic Cycle Inergen System
Output : 2.5 kW Electric @ full load
33 kW thermal 113,000 BTU/hr
T/E = 13.2
Easy grid connection
90%+ overall efficiency
Heat led
Minimal export of power
Gas-fired, other fuels possible
Energetix microPower Limited 1/03
Source: Battelle Columbus Laboratory Example: Organic Cycle Inergen System
Example: Organic Cycle Inergen System
Source: Battelle Columbus Laboratory Example: Liquid Injected Climate Energy
Example: Liquid Injected Climate Energy
Generator
Vapor
Condenser
Feed-Water
Pump
Liquid
Heater
Flue Gas
Heat Exchanger
Warm
Air
Scroll Expander
to
Building
Return Air
Liquid
& Vapor
Fuel
Source: Climate Energy LLC Example: Liquid Injected Climate Energy
Example: Liquid Injected Climate Energy
Range of Products Planned
1-10 kW
Warm Air and Hydronic
T/E = 8.5
Fuel gas but flexible
Very Active Development Example: Liquid Injected Climate Energy
Example: Liquid Injected Climate Energy
Source: Climate Energy LLC Example Enginion
Example Enginion Example Enginion
Example Enginion Example: Stirling Engine - Microgen
Example: Stirling Engine - Microgen
Source: Microgen Example: Stirling Engine Microgen
Example: Stirling Engine Microgen
Output: 1.1 kW Electric
To 38 kW Thermal (130,000 BTU/hr)
Condensing Boiler
Overall Efficiency +90%
+ $30 million investment to date
Dedicated test facility, 48 units 24/7
2004 Market Launch
-
BG Group / Microgen
Fuel gas, but flexible
Source: Microgen Example: Stirling Engine Microgen
Example: Stirling Engine Microgen
Source: Microgen Example: Stirling Engine Microgen
Example: Stirling Engine Microgen Thermoelectric Power Generation
Thermoelectric Power Generation
Pairs of dissimilar conductors generate
power
Many pairs stacked to achieve reasonable
power levels
T/E 20
Fuel flexible, quiet, no moving parts
Being applied to self-powered appliances
Reference: www . Hi-z.com Thermophotovoltaic Power Generation
Thermophotovoltaic Power Generation
Ceramic, heated by flame, emits light which
generates electric power via photocell
Matching of light wavelength range to cells
critical for high performance
Under development for military applications
Reference:
www . Pueffer.de/TPV/tpv.html
www . Thermopv.org/TPV5-2-51-Horne.pdf Benefits and Potential
Benefits and Potential
Micromap study sponsored by the European
Commission SAVE programme
Europe wide
mini and micro
potential and benefits
2001 2002 timeframe
econometric model
different assumptions about Govt. actions
source: www.cogen.org/Downloadables/Projects/Micromap.Publishable_Report_Summary.pdf Micromap Conclusions for microCHP
Micromap Conclusions for microCHP
5-12.5 million units by 2020 possible
3.3-7.8 million tons of CO
2
/ year saved
Stirling at 1kW to take largest market share
Stirling first / fuel cell after 2010
virtually no potential for microCHP with
cooling Issues for microCHP
Issues for microCHP
Early systems need to be reliable
The economics need to be there and
homeowner needs to be convinced of
savings.
System and interconnect standards needed
New supply model may be needed Technologies - when?
Technologies - when?
PEM Fuel Cells - 2010?
Solid Oxide Fuel Cells - 2005?
Stirling Engines 2004?
Rankine Cycles 2005?
Thermoelectrics self powered
Thermophotovoltaics in progress Conclusions
Conclusions
microCHP technologies are receiving a great
deal of commercial and technical attention at
present.
This technology offers the potential for a
dramatic improvement in the efficiency with
which energy resources are use.
A new model for home heating appliance
configuration, ownership, and service may be
needed.