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Idahos Energy Options
The INL is a U.S. Department of Energy National Laboratory
operated by Battelle Energy Alliance
INL/EXT-06-01391
Idahos Energy Options


March 2006



INL/EXT-06-01391
Idahos Energy Options

March 2006

Idaho National Laboratory

Idaho Falls, Idaho 83415
Prepared for the
Idaho Legislature
House Environment, Energy and Technology Committee, Dell Raybould, Chair
Under DOE Idaho Operations Office
Contract DE-AC07-05ID14517





iii

ABSTRACT
This report, developed by the Idaho National Laboratory, is provided as an
introduction to and an update of the status of technologies for the generation and
use of energy. Its purpose is to provide information useful for identifying and
evaluating Idahos energy options, and for developing and implementing Idahos
energy direction and policies.

v

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Acknowledgment is given to the authors of the various sections of this
report. These authors include: Michael J. Assante, Ralph G. Bennett,
Richard D. Boardman, Lloyd C. Brown, Lyman J. Frost, Douglas G. Hall,
Reed L. Hoskinson, Jack Lance, Patrick T. Laney, Eric P. Loewen,
Timothy C. Murphy, Kurt S. Myers, Robert M. Neilson, Jr., Cheryl C. O'Brien,
James E. O'Brien, Joseph C. Perkowski, Bruce A. Reynolds, Ann V. Rydalch,
Gary D. Seifert, S. Martin Sorensen, Rita A. Wells, and Christopher T. Wright.
Acknowledgment is also given to Joseph W. Griffin, Mary E. Schlegel, and
Penny J. Simon, for their assistance in editing and preparing this report.




vii
CONTENTS
ABSTRACT.................................................................................................................................................iii

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ............................................................................................................................ v

ACRONYMS............................................................................................................................................... ix

1.

INTRODUCTION.............................................................................................................................. 1

2.

ELECTRICITY .................................................................................................................................. 5

3.

NONRENEWABLE RESOURCES................................................................................................... 9

3.1

Coal/Oil Shale ..................................................................................................................... 11

3.2

Natural Gas.......................................................................................................................... 15

3.3

Petroleum............................................................................................................................. 17

3.4

Nuclear Energy.................................................................................................................... 19

4.

RENEWABLE RESOURCES ......................................................................................................... 21

4.1

Ethanol................................................................................................................................. 23

4.2

Municipal Solid Waste ........................................................................................................ 27

4.3

Wood ................................................................................................................................... 31

4.4

Cogeneration ....................................................................................................................... 33

4.5

Geothermal .......................................................................................................................... 35

4.6

Hydropower......................................................................................................................... 39

4.7

Solar Energy ........................................................................................................................ 43

4.8

Wind Energy........................................................................................................................ 45

5.

ENERGY USE AND CONSERVATION........................................................................................ 49

5.1

Agriculture........................................................................................................................... 51

5.2

Commercial and Residential Buildings ............................................................................... 53

5.3

Industrial Sector .................................................................................................................. 57

5.4

Transportation Sector .......................................................................................................... 59

6.

TRANSMISSION/PIPELINES........................................................................................................ 65


viii
7.

LOCAL, STATE, REGIONAL GOVERNMENTS ROLE IN ENERGY
CONSERVATION AND RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT ............................................................. 71

8.

EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES...................................................................................................... 75

8.1

Hydrogen ............................................................................................................................. 77

8.2

Synthetic Fuels .................................................................................................................... 81


FIGURES
1.
Idaho Energy Consumption by Source (2001) (provided by EIA)..................................................... 1

2.
Idaho Energy Consumption by End Use Sector (2001) (provided by EIA). ...................................... 2

3.
Energy Source for Idaho Produced Electricity (2001) (provided by EIA). ........................................ 2

4.
Formation of Synthetic Fuels. .......................................................................................................... 82


TABLES
1.
Control of Idahos Land by Federal, State, and Local Agencies...................................................... 72



ix
ACRONYMS
BPA
Bonneville Power Administration
Btu
British thermal unit
CAFE
Corporate Average Fuel Economy
CARB
California Air Resources Board
CBM
coal bed methane
CEV
city electric vehicle
CHP
combined heat and power
CNG
compressed natural gas
DG distributed
generation
DOD
U.S. Department of Defense
DOE
U.S. Department of Energy
EBR-II
Experimental Breeder Reactor
EIA
Energy Information Administration
ERO
Electric Reliability Organization
EV electric
vehicle
FERC
Federal Energy Regulatory Commission
FFV
flexible fuel vehicles
FT
Fischer Tropsch
GTL
gas-to-liquid
HEV
hybrid electric vehicle
INL
Idaho National Laboratory
IRP
Integrated Resource Plan
kW kilowatt
kWe
kilowatt electrical
kW-h kilowatt-hour
x
LDD
light-duty diesel
LED
light emitting diode
LNG
liquefied natural gas
LPG
liquefied petroleum gas
LWR
light water reactor
MBPD
million barrels per day
MSW
municipal solid waste
MWe megawatt
electrical
MW-h megawatt-hour
NERC
North American Electric Reliability Council
NEV
neighborhood electric vehicle
PEM
Proton Exchange Membrane
PHEV
plug-in hybrid electric vehicle
PNWER Pacific NorthWest Economic Region
PURPA
Public Utility Regulatory Policies Act
PV
photovoltaic
RDF refuse-derived
fuel
RPS
Renewable Portfolio Standards
RTO
Regional Transmission Organization
TCP
thermal conversion process
USGS
U.S. Geological Survey
ZEV zero-emission
vehicle




1
Idahos Energy Options
1. INTRODUCTION
The twenty-first century poses new and important energy-related challenges to the state of Idaho.
The last few years have seen rapidly rising energy prices and concerns over the adequacy of supply. In
addition, Idaho is one of the most rapidly growing states in the country. The U.S. Census Bureau
estimated Idahos population at 1,429,096 in 2005, with a population growth of 28.5% from 1990 to
2000. These challenges raise significant questions, namely: will we have sufficient energy to support our
economy and provide for the needs of our population, and at what cost? Furthermore, how will this
energy be generated, and what environmental, health and safety, and social impacts will this have?
In response to changes in the cost and supply of energy in the 1970s, Gov. John Evans appointed
the Energy Resource Policy Board in 1980 to begin the process of defining the states role in energy
planning and policy. As a result of this effort, the Idaho State Energy Plan was issued in 1982. The
purpose of the plan was to assess Idahos energy position and resources, to evaluate the potential
demand versus supply cap