TYPE="text/css">
Current Programs for Estimating
Radiological Dose and Chemical Exposure

Volume II
Section I
C
Programs for Estimating Exposure to Chemical Toxicants
Section II
C
Programs Relating to Radiological Doses and Chemical
Exposures
by
C. M. West
B. F. Rutherford
W. G. Tankersley
Center for Epidemiologic Research
Oak Ridge Associated Universities
prepared for
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
Department of Health and Human Services
March 31, 1997 TABLE OF CONTENTS
Volume I
List of Acronyms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . i
SECTION I: GENERAL
General Topics and Evaluations Report . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Report 1
SECTION II: PROGRAMS FOR ESTIMATING RADIOLOGICAL DOSE
External Radiation Monitoring Programs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Report 2
Internal Radiation Monitoring Programs - In Vitro . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Report 3
Internal Radiation Monitoring Programs - In Vivo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Report 4
Radiological Air Monitoring Programs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Report 5
Radiological Personnel Contamination Survey Programs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Report 6
Radiological Area Contamination Survey Programs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Report 7
Personnel Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ii
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iv
Volume II
List of Acronyms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . i
SECTION I: PROGRAMS FOR ESTIMATING EXPOSURE TO CHEMICAL
TOXICANTS
Beryllium Air and Smears Monitoring Programs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Report 1
Lead Air and Blood Monitoring Programs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Report 2 Mercury Air and Urine Monitoring Programs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Report 3
Asbestos Air Monitoring Programs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Report 4
Man-Made Mineral Fibers Air Monitoring Programs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Report 5
Carcinogen Air Monitoring Programs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Report 6
Other Industrial Hygiene Monitoring Programs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Report 7
SECTION II: PROGRAMS RELATING TO RADIOLOGICAL DOSES AND CHEMICAL
EXPOSURES
Medical Surveillance Programs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Report 8
Retrospective Dose and Exposure Reporting Programs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Report 9
Personnel Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iii
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . v i
LIST OF ACRONYMS
ACGIH
-
American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists
AEDE
-
Annual Effective Dose Equivalent
ASO
-
Analytical Services Organization
BDMS
-
Bioassay Data Management Systems
BOD
-
Biochemical Oxygen Demand
CAM
-
Continuous Air Monitor
CEDE
-
Committed Effective Dose Equivalent
CT
-
Calibration Test
CTS
-
Comprehensive Tracking System
DOE
-
Department of Energy
FOIA
-
Freedom of Information Act
FRF
-
Field Request Form
HSO
-
Health Services Organization
ICP-OES
-
Inductively Coupled Plasma - Optical Emission Spectrometry
IH
-
Industrial Hygienist or Industrial Hygiene
IHD
-
Industrial Hygiene Department
IHIM
-
Industrial Hygiene Information Management or Manager
IRE
-
Internal Reference Element
ITSD
-
Information Technology Services Division
LCR
-
Lowest Count Reported
LMES
-
Lockheed Martin Energy Systems, Inc.
LRL
-
Lowest Reporting Level
MDA
-
Minimum Detectable Activity or Amount
MMMF
-
Man-Made Mineral Fibers
MVD
-
Mercury Vapor Detector
NBS
-
National Bureau of Standards
NIOSH
-
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
NIST
-
National Institute of Standards and Technology
OHIS
-
Occupational Health Information System
ORNL
-
Oak Ridge National Laboratory
OSHA
-
Occupational Safety and Health Administration
PCM
-
Phase Contrast Microscopy or Microscope/Personnel
Contamination Monitor
PEL
-
Permissible Exposure Limit
QC
-
Quality Control
RADCON
-
Radiological Control
RPS
-
Radiation Protection Standard
SAM
-
Sampling Area Monitor
SMS
-
Site Management Services
TEDE
-
Total Effective Dose Equivalent
TLD
-
Thermoluminescent Dosimeter ii
TMS
-
Training Management System
TWA
-
Time Weighted Average
ZPP
-
Zinc
Protoporphyrin 1-1
Volume II, Section I
BERYLLIUM AIR AND SMEAR MONITORING PROGRAMS
OVERVIEW
Purposes of Programs
The Industrial Hygiene Department (IHD) at the Y-12 Plant in Oak Ridge operates
Beryllium (Be) Air and Smear Monitoring Programs for the purposes of evaluating and
controlling air and surface contamination in areas where Be is presently or previously
processed.
Brief Description of Monitoring Programs
Known amounts of air are drawn through cellulose or millipore papers to collect airborne
Be, and surfaces are wiped with cellulose paper to collect deposited Be. These papers
are then analyzed for Be making it possible to determine concentration in air in units of
µg per m
3
or removable surface contamination in units of µg per 100 cm
2
.
Exposure Potential
Development work and production machining of Be is done on a small scale at Y-12. In
addition, a number of posted Be-regulated areas remain in the facility from previous,
more extensive operations.
Purpose of Report
The purpose of this report is to describe in detail the various facets of the Be monitoring
programs and their operation with special emphasis on the utilization of results. This
report is part of a larger volume aimed at documenting all currently installed monitoring
programs at Y-12 that may generate data useful for health and safety activities or
studies.
PROGRAMS
Permanently Located Continuous Monitoring Air Samplers
Several hundred permanently located air sampling stations have been used to monitor
airborne Be in the Y-12 Plant. These sampling stations monitor areas that are presently
considered Be-regulated areas: a laboratory area, a development area, and production
areas, and other areas where Be was previously handled. Since the Y-12 Plant was in 1-2
Beryllium Air and Smear
stand-down during most of 1995 and early 1996, very little Be work was done.
Currently, there are approximately 15 permanently installed Be samplers near the
present Be operations areas that are run only during the weeks when Be operations are
performed. During March 1996, 42 air samples were taken at these locations. The
organizational Industrial Hygienist (IH) decides where and how many samples are to be
collected by the IH field technicians. The following steps are to be taken in collecting
these samples and are excerpted from a checklist provided to the technicians:
C
Proceed to the filter paper holder which hangs from the ceiling and is part of
the fixed air monitoring system that includes a vacuum pump.
C
Wearing clean, impervious, disposable gloves, use tweezers to remove filter.
C
Without allowing the filter to contact any other surface, fold it in half with the
exposed side in and place it completely inside the window packet on an
appropriately identified card.
C
Remove disposable gloves and don a clean pair.
C
Recalibrate the airflow to 19.5-20.5 liters/minute.
C
Remove clean filter from the window packet of the sample identification card
and place it in the filter head, then replace the holder.
C
At the end of the sampling job, wet wipe equipment, materials, etc., as
necessary and applicable. Dispose of any waste as beryllium contaminated
waste.
C
Deliver the collected air samples to Building 9995 for analysis.
C
Have a completed chain of custody form signed by plant lab personnel upon
receipt of samples.
C
Prepare IH sample information forms prior to receipt of final results from the
plant lab.
C
Complete the IH sample information forms upon receipt of the final results from
the plant lab.
C
Notify IH Information Management Section to pick up the completed sampling
results package. 1-3
Volume II, Section I
Personal Air Sampling
The personal air sampling program monitors the breathing environments of individuals
by using air samplers attached to the employees. A battery-powered portable pump
mounted on the belt of an employee draws two liters of air per minute through a hose
attached to a filter head located in the breathing zone of the employee. Ideally, the
sampler is worn continually for eight hours while the employee performs usual work
tasks. If necessary, samples of shorter duration are collected. Procedures similar to
those prescribed above for continuous air monitoring samples are followed in collecting
personal air samples.
Surface Contamination Monitoring
Two smear sampling programs are used at the Y-12 facility for monitoring surface
contamination with Be. One program is routinely used to evaluate and assist in Be
contamination control of all areas designated as regulated Be areas. A regulated Be
area is defined as any area where the Be surface contamination consistently exceeds
5 µg Be/100 cm
2
smear. On a predetermined periodic schedule, surface smear
samples are collected at designated location