ors of this page or responsible for its content.
BIOZONES ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT SECTION BIOZONES ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT
SECTION

Ultraviolet Germicidal Irradiation

Ultraviolet light, specifically in the UVC wavelength, has been proven safe and effective for
almost 100 years in applications of killing harmful microorganisms through a process called
photochemistry. Photochemistry is the chemical reaction or change in material caused by
exposure to light energy. The process typically requires the use of photons in the ultraviolet
spectral range. Ultraviolet radiation serves to excite or cleave chemical bonds and leads to
the desired photo induced reaction. Energetic ultraviolet radiation is useful for disinfection
purposes. For this application, the fundamental physical requirement for the ultraviolet light
source is sufficiently high photon energy (wavelength) at the required intensity. When suffi-
cient photon energy is present, ultraviolet light becomes particularly useful in the destruction
of contaminating organic compounds. Almost all indoor contaminants are organic. Organic
compounds are carbon based. Many common organic compounds are based on the car-
bon and hydrogen combination, or hydrocarbons. Hydrocarbons can be toxic volatile or-
ganic compounds such as formaldehydes and benzenes. Airborne, indoor dust particles
like dander, hair , dust mites, feces, etc. are based upon organic compounds generally as-
sociated with the lipid group. Biological contaminants like bacteria, viruses, and fungi are
carbon based. Photochemistry can break down these harmful organic molecules. A wave-
length of 254 nanometers is the recognized standard for optimum ultraviolet germicidal kill-
ing power.

The effectiveness of ultraviolet light on organic contaminants is determines by the amount
of UV radiation emitted by a UV source (expressed in terms of microwatts per square centi-
meter�W/cm), and the length of time the contaminant is exposed to the irradiation
(expressed in seconds). The dose a contaminant receives is the amount of radiation emit-
ted multiplied by the exposure time in seconds and is expressed in microwatt seconds (�W/
cm/sec). The dos required to destroy most contaminants is well documented and accepted
by government agencies around the world. See the following Dose for Destruction Table at
the end of this section.

The radiation emitted at the surface of ultraviolet lamps is very high and any microorganism
that comes In contact with the UV lamp will be destroyed almost instantaneously. However,
as distance between the lamp and the contaminant increases, destruction rates decrease
dramatically. As such, a superior designed ultraviolet purifier would strive to keep contami-
nants as close to the UV lamp as possible while ensuring adequate exposure time for maxi-
mum destruction effectiveness. Biozones portable, stand alone units are engineered in
this matter providing a minimum dose of 7000�W/cm/sec. As certified by EITL, and result-
ing in a high level of contaminant destruction with a single pass ( see Dose for Destruction
Table). With higher air flow rates and temperature fluctuations, multiple lamps may be re-
quired for required results as well as multiple air lamp passes.


Ultraviolet Germicidal Irradiation as a purification method used in Biozone products
is approved by: SECTION 1
UV DOSAGE FOR DESTRUCTION

Ultraviolet energy levels at 254 nanometer unit wavelength required for 99.9% destruc-
tion of various microorganisms:
BACTERIA COMMON NAME �w/cm/sec.
Bacillus anthracia
Agrobacterium tumefaciens
Bacillus Megatherium
Bacillus subtilis
Corynebacterium diphtheria
Escherichia coli
Legionella bozemanii
Legionella dumoffii
Legionella gormanni
Legionella micdadei
Legionella longbeachae
Legionella pneumopegihila
Leptospira interrogans

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Neisseria catarrhalis


Proteus vulgaris


Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Rhodospirillum rubrum
Salmonella enteritidis

Salmonella paratyphi

Salmonella typhimurium
Salmonella thphose

Serratia marcescent

Shigella dysenteriae
Shigella flexneri
Shigelli sonnei
Staphylococcus epidermis

Staphylococcus aureus




Anthrax Virus (not spouse)
Crown Gall Disease (plants)
Wet wood Disease
(vegetative)
Tetanus/ Lockjaw
Diphtheria
E-Coli
Pontiac Fever
Pontiac/Legionnaires
Pontiac/Legionnaires
Pontiac/Legionnaires
Legionnaires Disease
Infectious Jaundice/
Leptospirosis
Pulmonary Tuberculosis

Meningitis, Endocartis,
Pneumonia, Bronchitis,
Otitis Media, Sinusitis
Urinary Tract Infection,
Bacteremia, Pneumonia and
Focal Lesions
Laboratory Strain
Environmental Strain
Bacterium
Typhoid Fever, Enteric Fever,
Osteomyelitis
Para-Typhoid Fever
Enlargement of Spleen
Gastroenteritis
Typhoid Fever, Enteric Fever
Typhus Abdominales
Septicaemia, Abscesses,
Burn Infections, Osteomyelitis
DysenteryEnteric Infection
Dysentery
Enteric Infection
Bacteraemia, Wound Infection,
Endocarditis, Catheter-Related
Sepsis,UT I, Toxic Shock Syn-
drome, Eye Infection, Osteo-
myelitis
Staphylococcal Diseases, Impe-
tigo, Toxic Shock Syndrome,
8,700
8,500
2,500
11,000
23,000
6,500
7,000



















SECTION 1
CONTINUED
BACTERIA COMMON NAME �w/cm/sec.
Staphylococcus aureus cont.
Strptoccus faecalis

Streptococcus hemolyticus
Streptococcus lactic
Viridans streptococci
Vibrio cholera
Food Poisoning
Urinary Tract Infection and Bacte-
rial Endocarditis
Various Infections
Various Infections
Invasive Infections
Cholera
7,000

10,000
5,500
8,000
3,800
6,500 Photocatalytic Oxidation

Photocatalytic Oxidation (PCO) is an emerging technology that provides chemical fee oxidation of
VOCs and microbes along with regenerating capability to preclude the issues associated with media
replacement and disposal. Photocatalytic chemistry has been extensively studies over the last 25
years for removal of organic and inorganic compounds from contaminated air and water. PCO util-
izes ultraviolet light in conjunction with a semiconductor photocatalyst and breaks down contami-
nants into non-toxic compounds such as CO2, H2O and simple mineral acids. When the photocata-
lyst is irradiated with photons from an ultraviolet light source, the band gap energy of the catalyst is
exceeded and an electron is promoted from the valence band to the conduction band. The resultant
electron-hole pair reacts with contaminants causing a step-by-step oxidation of the molecule. The
catalyst itself is unchanged and no residue from the reaction remains. These attributes provide an
effective process for removing and destroying pollutants such as VOCs, bacteria, viruses and fungi in
indoor air.

Research indicates the photocatalysts need to be illuminated with UV light of at least 3000 W/cm2 for
effective VOC conversion. Residence times for single pass applications are to be on the order of 0.5
seconds or greater. For optimum oxidation of contaminants, the relative humidity should be between
20% - 60%, since minimum moisture levels are required for the required chemical reactions which
primarily involve the reaction with hydroxyl radicals (OH) and super-oxide ions produced in the PCO
process. OH is 206% more powerful than chlorine and 157% more powerful than peroxide.

Biozones portable, stand alone air purifiers utilize PCO as part of their air purification methodology.
Aluminum and aluminum oxide have small photoelectric work functions and therefore upon their illu-
mination by ultraviolet light emit photoelectrons producing a photocatalyst. Biozone also offers PCO
units that utilize Titanium Dioxide (TiO2) as the photocatalyst which is preferred material and pro-
duces enhanced purifying results.

Photocatalytic oxidation technology has been studies and endorsed by the EPA, Sandia National
Labs, US Department of Defense, US Department of Energy, the National Energy Labs, American
Lung Association, Industry CanadaEnvironmental Affairs Branch, and numerous universities
around the world.


Photocatalytic Oxidation as a purification method used in Biozone
Products is approved or recognized by:

SECTION 1
BIOZONES PHOTOCATALYTIC OXIDATION BIOZONES PHOTOPLASMA
SECTION
PHOTOPLASMA

Biozone Scientific can enhance the benefits of ultraviolet light and photocatalytic oxidation through
the creation of photoplasma. The ultraviolet light, photocatalysts and photoplasma remove contami-
nants from air and surfaces by utilizing the principles of photochemistry, photoplasma, and photoioni-
zation through the photoelectric effect. While these methodologies have been well studied and docu-
mented by the scientific community, the synergy of their intera