T H E A R M Y A N D T H E A I R F O R C E
MARCH 1985 TM 5-814-2/AFM 88-11, Vol. 2
REPRODUCTION AUTHORIZATION/RESTRICTIONS
This manual has been prepared by or for the government and, except to the extent indicated below, is
public property and not subject to copyright.
Copyrighted material included in the manual has been used with the knowledge and permission of the
proprietors and is acknowledged as such at point of use. Anyone wishing to make further use of any
copyrighted material, by itself and apart from this text, should seek necessary permission directly from
the proprietors.
Reprints or republications of this manual should include a credit substantially as follows: "Joint
Departments of the Army and Air Force, USA, Technical Manual TM 5-814-1/AFM 88-11, Volume 2,
Sanitary and Industrial Wastewater Collection--Pumping Stations and Force Mains."
If the reprint or republication includes copyrighted material, the credit should also state: "Anyone wishing
to make further use of copyrighted material, by itself and apart from this text, should seek necessary
permission directly from the proprietors." *TM 5-814-2
AFM 88-11, Vol. 2
Technical Manual
DEPARTMENTS OF THE ARMY
No. 5-814-2
AND THE AIR FORCE
Air Force Manual
AFM 88-11, Volume 2
Washington, DC, 15 March 1985
SANITARY AND INDUSTRIAL WASTEWATER COLLECTION-
PUMPING STATIONS AND FORCE MAINS
Paragraph
Page
Chapter 1.
GENERAL
Purpose and scope..................................................................................
1-1
1-1
Special wastes ........................................................................................
1-2
1-1
Pump Station alternatives .......................................................................
1-3
1-1
Chapter 2.
LOCATION OF PUMPING STATIONS
Service area............................................................................................
2-1
2-1
Site selection ..........................................................................................
2-2
2-1
Building and site requirements ................................................................
2-3
2-1
Chapter 3.
TYPE AND CAPACITY OF PUMPING STATIONS
Required pumping capacity .....................................................................
3-1
3-1
Type of construction................................................................................
3-2
3-1
Chapter 4.
WASTEWATER PUMPING EQUIPMENT
Wastewater pumps .................................................................................
4-1
4-1
Pump drives............................................................................................
4-2
4-2
Drive mechanisms ..................................................................................
4-3
4-3
Pump speed controls...............................................................................
4-4
4-3
Chapter 5.
PUMPING SYSTEM DESIGN
Force main hydraulics .............................................................................
5-1
5-1
Pump analysis and selection ...................................................................
5-2
5-3
Wet well design.......................................................................................
5-3
5-5
Pump controls and instrumentation .........................................................
5-4
5-6
Surge phenomena...................................................................................
5-5
5-7
Screening and comminuting devices .......................................................
5-6
5-9
Chapter 6.
PIPING, VALVES AND APPURTENANCES
Pipe materials, fittings, joints...................................................................
6-1
6-1
Valves and appurtenances ......................................................................
6-2
6-2
Installation...............................................................................................
6-3
6-2
Chapter 7.
PUMP STATION COMPONENTS
Construction requirements ......................................................................
7-1
7-1
Heating and ventilation............................................................................
7-2
7-1
Electrical equipment and lighting.............................................................
7-3
7-2
Standby power ........................................................................................
7-4
7-2
Water supply...........................................................................................
7-5
7-2
Flow measurement..................................................................................
7-6
7-2
Paints and protective coatings.................................................................
7-7
7-3
Appendix A.
References...........................................................................................................................................A-1
Bibliography .........................................................................................................................................................BIBLIO-1
*This manual supersedes TM 5-814-2 dated 1 September 1958.
i
} TM 5-814-2/AFM 88-11, Vol. 2
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure Page
5-1. Chart for Hazen-Williams formula ....................................................................................... 5-2
5-2. Typical pump-system curves............................................................................................... 5-5
5-3. Pump suction connections to wet well ................................................................................. 5-7
LIST OF TABLES
Table Page
3-1. Classification of pumping stations ....................................................................................... 3-1
5-1. Minimum pump cycle times................................................................................................. 5-6
5-2. Required submergence depth to prevent vortexing ............................................................. 5-6
5-3. Water hammer wave velocities . ......................................................................................... 5-8
ii TM 5-814-2/AFM 88-11, Vol. 2
CHAPTER 1
GENERAL
1-1.
Purpose and scope. This manual provides
guidance, instructions and criteria for the design of
sanitary and industrial wastewater pumping facilities at
fixed Army and Air Force installations, and any
applicable special projects. Facilities covered in this
manual include pump and ejector stations required for
(1) removal of sanitary and industrial wastes from
remote or low lying areas of the installation which
cannot be served hydraulically by gravity sewers, (2)
controlled introduction and lifting of raw wastewater into
the waste treatment plant, (3) transfer of recycled and
bypassed flows throughout the plant, and (4) discharge
of treated effluent. Pumping systems for the handling of
sludge, grit and scum are presented in TM 5-814-3/AFM
88-11, Vol. 3. The design of a wastewater pumping
station will typically include site improvements,
structures, screening and flow monitoring devices,
pumping units, pump drives, system controls and
instrumentation, mechanical and electrical components,
interior piping, underground force mains, valves and
appurtenances.
1-2.
Special wastes. Pumping systems for
hazardous and explosive wastes, corrosive acids or
alkalies, high temperature or other industrial type
wastes, will generally require the selection of highly
resistant pumps, valves and piping materials. Design of
these systems will be in accordance with special criteria
developed for the particular situation. Selection of
materials for pumps, piping, valves and controls, etc.,
will be based on manufacturers' recommendations,
product specifications, and any other appropriate design
manuals or applicable criteria.
1-3.
Pump stations alternatives
a. Gravity sewer system. Pumping stations and
pneumatic ejectors will normally be required to remove
wastes from areas which cannot be served hydraulically
by gravity sewers. In certain situations however, a
gravity sewer system can be utilized, but only at the
expense of deep trench excavation, jacking, boring,
tunneling, or construction of long sewer runs to avoid
high terrain. In those cases, both wastewater pumping
and gravity flow sewers will be technically feasible and
capable of meeting service requirements. However,
they may not be equivalent in economic terms. When it
is not readily apparent which solution would be more
economical, the decision to use one or the other will be
based on a life cycle cost analysis. Initial capital and
construction costs for pumps, ejectors, structures, force
mains, etc., plus operation and maintenance costs, will
be compared with the costs of deep trench excavation,
or other special construction methods required for a
gravity system. Generally, a gravity sewer system will
be justified until its cost exceeds the cost of a pumped
system by 10 percent. TM 5-814-8 contains criteria for
economic evaluation of wastewater pumping. TM 5814-
1/AFM 88-11, Vol. 1 provides criteria for engineering
and design of sanitary and industrial wastewater
collection systems.
b. Grinder pumps and vacuum systems. There
may be areas so limited by high groundwater,
subsurface rock, unstable soil or steep topography, that
neither gravity sewers nor centralized pumping stations
will be feasible. In these cases, the use of grinder
pumps or vacuum systems will be investigated. See
paragraph 1-4b of TM 5-814-1/AFM 88-11, Vol. 1.
Design criteria for grinder pumps are contained in this
manual.
1-1 TM 5-814-2/AFM 88-11, Vol. 2
CHAPTER 2