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Ultrafines from Emission Control Devices: Results from the Real World Ultrafines
Ultrafines
from Emission Control Devices:
from Emission Control Devices:
Results from the Real World
Results from the Real World
Aniket Sawant, Ph.D.
Johnson Matthey Inc.
October 11, 2006 Some History
Johnson Matthey CR-DPF System:
Extremely effective at removing 95%+ of engine-
out particle mass

emissions
Tests on particle number

emissions have raised
concerns about role of CR-DPF in formation of
ultrafines
Previous work has suggested that these particles
could be sulfate

and/or volatiles

(Kittelson et al.,
CRC E-43 Final Report) Experimental Approach
What Could It Be?
Observed ultrafines are sulfur and/or volatiles-
related
How Can We Check?
Treat CR-DPF system as a black box and see
what happens when we:
1. Control sulfur content IN
2. Control sulfur content OUT
3. Control volatile content OUT Particles Of Different Sizes Are Formed Differently
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
1
10
100
1,000
10,000
Diameter (nm)
Normalized Concentration
(1/C
total
)dC/dlogDp
Number
Surface
Mass
Fine Particles
Dp < 2.5 m
Ultrafine Particles
Dp < 100 nm
Nanoparticles
Dp < 50 nm
Nuclei Mode - Usually
forms from volatile
precursors as exhaust
dilutes and cools
Accumulation Mode - Usually
consists of carbonaceous
agglomerates and adsorbed
material
Coarse Mode - Usually
consists of reentrained
accumulation mode
particles, crankcase fumes
PM10
Dp < 10 m
In some cases this
mode may consist of
very small particles
below the range of
conventional
instruments, Dp < 10
nm
These modes will be
nearly eliminated by
filtration
From Kittelson et al., 2006 Emission Control Systems
Extremely effective at Diesel PM removal
(a)
(b)
a) Wall-Flow Filter (courtesy Corning, Inc.)
b) JM CR-DPF (DOC + Wall-Flow Filter) How Did We Test? (1)
All tests conducted on U of M MEL
Year 2000, 12 L, 12 cyl 287 kW engine
65 mph cruise on Minnesota rural freeway How Did We Test? (2)
Control of S IN:
50 ppm S fuel + ~5000 ppm S lube oil
15 ppm S fuel + ~1500 ppm S lube oil
Control of S OUT:
Use of low S fuel + low S lube oil
System tested with and without S trap
Fuels from BP (15 ppm S: ULSD2007
compliant), lube oils from Castrol
Control of Volatiles OUT:
Use of a catalyzed CR-DPF 1. Control Sulfur Content IN
1. Control Sulfur Content IN Lower Sulfur In
Æ
Lower ultrafine number

out
1.0E+03
1.0E+04
1.0E+05
1.0E+06
1.0E+07
1.0E+08
1.0E+09
1.0E+10
dN/dlog(Dp)
(
p
articles/cm
3
)
Without CR-DPF: 15 ppm S Fuel; Low S Oil
With CR-DPF: 15 ppm S Fuel; Low S Oil
With CR-DPF: 50 ppm S Fuel; High S Oil
1
10
Dp (nm)
100
1000 Lower Sulfur In
Æ
Lower ultrafine mass

out
1.0E+00
2.0E+03
4.0E+03
6.0E+03
8.0E+03
1.0E+04
1.2E+04
1.4E+04
dV/
d
l
o
g(
Dp)
(
µ
m
3
/cm
3
)
Without CR-DPF: 15 ppm S Fuel; Low S Oil
With CR-DPF: 15 ppm S Fuel; Low S Oil
With CR-DPF: 50 ppm S Fuel; High S Oil
1
10
Dp (nm)
100
1000 2. Control Sulfur Content OUT
2. Control Sulfur Content OUT Ultrafine number
No Sulfur control OUT
dN/
d
(l
og
(D
p
)
)
(
p
ar
t.
/
c
m
3
)
dN/
dN/
d
(l
og
(D
p
)
)
(
p
ar
t.
/
c
m
3
)
d
(l
og
(D
p
)
)
(
p
ar
t.
/
c
m
3
)
1.0E+17
1.0E
1.0E+17
+17
1.0E+16
1.0E
1.0E+16
+16
1.0E+15
1.0E
1.0E+15
+15
1.0E+14
1.0E
1.0E+14
+14
1.0E+13
1.0E
1.0E+13
+13
1.0E+12
1.0E
1.0E+12
+12
1.0E+11
1.0E
1.0E+11
+11
1.0E+10
1.0E
1.0E+10
+10
1.0E+09
1.0E
1.0E+09
+09
1
10
100
1000
1
1
10
100
1000
10
100
1000
Particle Diameter (nm)
P
Particle Diameter (nm)
article Diameter (nm)
On-road E43 highway average
On-roa
On-road E43 highway average
d E43 highway average
On-road 2000 Engine ULSD
On-roa
On-road 2000 Engine ULSD
d 2000 Engine ULSD
2004 engine LSD
2
2004 engine LSD
004 engine LSD
On road 2000 retrofit CRT ULSD
US 2004
US 2007
On
On road 2000 retrofit CRT ULSD
US 2004
US 2007
road 2000 retrofit CRT ULSD
US 2004
US 2007 On-road E43 highway average
On-road 2000 Engine ULSD
2004 engine LSD
On road 2000 retrofit CRT ULSD
On road 2000 retrofit CRTS ULSD
US 2004
US 2007
On-road E43 highway average
On-road 2000 Engine ULSD
2004 engine LSD
On road 2000 retrofit CRT ULSD
On road 2000 retrofit CRTS ULSD
US 2004
US 2007
Ultrafine number

Sulfur control OUT
dN
/
d
(
l
og
(
D
p)
)
(
p
a
r
t
.
/
c
m
3
)
dN
/
d
(
l
og
(
D
p)
)
(
p
a
r
t
.
/
c
m
3
)
1.0E+17
1.0E+17
1.0E+16
1.0E+16
1.0E+15
1.0E+15
1.0E+14
1.0E+14
1.0E+13
1.0E+13
1.0E+12
1.0E+12
1.0E+11
1.0E+11
1.0E+10
1.0E+10
1.0E+09
1.0E+09
1
10
100
1000
1
10
100
1000
Particle Diameter (nm)
Particle Diameter (nm) Ultrafine mass

No Sulfur control OUT
1.0E+13
1.0E+1
1.0E
1.0E 3
+13
+13
1.0E+12
1.0E+1
1.0E
1.0E 2
+12
+12
1.0E+11
1.0E+1
1.0E
1.0E 1
+11
+11
1.0E+10
1.0E+1
1.0E
1.0E 0
+10
+10
1.0E+09
1.0E+0
1.0E
1.0E 9
+09
+09
1.0E+08
1.0E+0
1.0E
1.0E 8
+08
+08
1.0E+07
1.0E+0
1.0E
1.0E 7
+07
+07
1.0E+06
1.0E+0
1.0E
1.0E 6
+06
+06
1.0E+05
1.0E+0
1.0E
1.0E 5
+05
+05
1
10
100
1000
1
10
100
1
1
1000
10
100
1000
10
100
1000
Particle Diameter (nm)
Particle Diameter (nm
P
P
)
article Diameter (nm)
article Diameter (nm)
On-road E43 highway average
On-road E43 highway aver
On-road E
On-road E
age
43 highway average
43 highway average
On-road 2000 Engine ULSD
On-road 2000 Engine ULS
On-road 20
On-road 20
D
00 Engine ULSD
00 Engine ULSD
2004 engine LSD
2004 engine LS
2004 e
2004 e
D
ngine LSD
ngine LSD
On road 2000 retrofit CRT ULSD
US 2004
US 2007
On road 2000 retrofit CRT ULSD
US 2004
US
On ro
On ro
2007
ad 2000 retrofit CRT ULSD
US 2004
US 2007
ad 2000 retrofit CRT ULSD
US 2004
US 2007
d
V
/d
lo
g
(
Dp
)
( m
3
/c
m
3
)
d
V
/d
lo
g
(
Dp
)
( m
3
/c
m
3
d
d
)
V
/d
lo
g
(
Dp
)
( m
3
/c
m
3
)
V
/d
lo
g
(
Dp
)
( m
3
/c
m
3
) On-road E43 highway average
On-road 2000 Engine ULSD
2004 engine LSD
On road 2000 retrofit CRT ULSD
On road 2000 retrofit CRTS ULSD
US 2004
US 2007
On-road E43 highway average
On-road 2000 Engine ULSD
2004 engine LSD
On road 2000 retrofit CRT ULSD
On road 2000 retrofit CRTS ULSD
US 2004
US 2007
Ultrafine mass
Sulfur control OUT
1
10
100
1000
1
10
100
1000
Particle Diameter (nm)
Particle Diameter (nm)
1.0E+05
1.0E+06
1.0E+07
1.0E+08
1.0E+09
1.0E+10
1.0E+11
1.0E+12
1.0E+13
d
V
/d
lo
g
(
D
p
)
( m
3
/c
m
3
)
1.0E+05
1.0E+06
1.0E+07
1.0E+08
1.0E+09
1.0E+10
1.0E+11
1.0E+12
1.0E+13
d
V
/d
lo
g
(
D
p
)
( m
3
/c
m
3
) 3. Control Volatile Content OUT
3. Control Volatile Content OUT Ultrafine number
Volatile control OUT
1.0E+08
Aver
age Ultr
afi
n
es Co
ncentr
ation (par
ticl
es/cm
3
)
1.0E+07
1.0E+06
1.0E+05
Catalyzed CR-DPF
CR-DPF
Average Daily Background Concentration
1.0E+04
200
220
240
260
280
300
320
340
360
380
Average Exhaust Temperature (
o
C) What Did We Find?
Sulfur control IN and OUT results:
Sulfur from fuel and oil can play an
important role in ultrafine emissions
Volatile control OUT results:
Catalyzed CR-DPF is very effective at
removing volatiles that may have formed
ultrafines after leaving the tailpipe What Does All This Mean?
Engines emit gases, particles and volatiles all at once
Many of these components interact with each other as they
pass through the tailpipe
The presence of the emission control device changes the
nature of these interactionsbut does NOT add to the total
mass emissions
Apparent creation of ultrafines by device
Through proper control of engine, fuel, oil, and device, even
these interactions can be minimized
In any case, based on current knowledge, using currently
available emission control devices is still beneficial for both
the environment and for human health Acknowledgments
Prof. David Kittelson (U of M)
Group Members: W.F. Watts, J.P. Johnson
Global Fuels Technology, BP plc
Global Lubricants Technology, BP plc
Corning, Inc.
Volvo Technology Corporation Glossary
JM: Johnson Matthey Inc.
C