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Shasta Temperature Control Device CFD Modeling Study
Shasta Temperature Control Device
CFD Modeling Study
October 1999
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
Bureau of Reclamation
Technical Service Center
Water Resources Services
Water Resources Research Laboratory Shasta Temperature Control Device
CFD Modeling Study
By
James A. Higgs
Tracy B. Vermeyen
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
Bureau of Reclamation
Technical Service Center
Water Resources Services
Water Resources Research Laboratory
October 1999
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
H
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BUREAU OF RECLAMATION CONTENTS
Executive summary ......................................................................................................................................................... 1
Background .................................................................................................................................................................. 1
Purpose of study.......................................................................................................................................................... 3
Conclusions.................................................................................................................................................................. 3
The CFD Model................................................................................................................................................................ 5
Temperature Density Subroutine........................................................................................................................... 5
Upstream Boundary Routine ..................................................................................................................................... 5
Downstream Boundary Routine................................................................................................................................ 5
Flow Field Temperature Initiation Routine............................................................................................................. 5
Discharge Temperature Routine ............................................................................................................................... 5
Model Meshing............................................................................................................................................................ 6
Object Definitions ....................................................................................................................................................... 7
Topography.............................................................................................................................................................. 7
Structures ................................................................................................................................................................. 7
Model Optimization .................................................................................................................................................... 9
Turbulence models .................................................................................................................................................. 9
Advection models ................................................................................................................................................... 9
Simulated Penstock Size ........................................................................................................................................ 9
Results ............................................................................................................................................................................... 9
Penstock Temperature Analysis .................................................................................................................................. 11
Modeling routine............................................................................................................................................................ 15
Appendix A - Temperature-Density Subroutine ...................................................................................................... 17
Appendix B - Upstream Boundary routine................................................................................................................ 18
Appendix C - Downstream routine............................................................................................................................. 20
Appendix D - Flow Field Temperature Initiation Routine ..................................................................................... 22
Appendix E - Discharge Temperature Routine......................................................................................................... 23
Appendix F 5-19-1999............................................................................................................................................... 24
Appendix G 5-20-1999 .............................................................................................................................................. 31
Appendix H 6-18-1999 .............................................................................................................................................. 38
Appendix I 7-5-1999.................................................................................................................................................. 45
Appendix J 7-8-1999.................................................................................................................................................. 53
Appendix K 7-23-1999 .............................................................................................................................................. 58
Appendix L 7-24-1999............................................................................................................................................... 66
Appendix M 8-13-1999............................................................................................................................................. 71
Appendix N 8-18-1998a ............................................................................................................................................ 80
Appendix O 8-18-1998b ............................................................................................................................................ 87 Executive summary
Background
Shasta Dam and Lake, located 10 miles north of Redding in northern California, are principal components
of the Shasta/Trinity River Divisions of the Central Valley Project (CVP), which is a federal water project
operated by the Bureau of Reclamation (Reclamation). The Shasta/Trinity River Divisions provide flood
and navigation control, irrigation and domestic water supplies, power generation, fish and wildlife
conservation, and protection of Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta water quality. Completed in 1945 on the
Sacramento River, Shasta Dam is a 602-foot-high curved concrete gravity structure with a crest elevation
of 1,065 feet above mean sea level (figure 1). Shasta Dam impounds water from the Pit, McCloud, and
upper Sacramento Rivers to form Shasta Lake, 24 miles in length (figure 2). Pertinent physical data on
Shasta Lake include; 4.55 million acre-feet (AF) capacity, 29,740-acre surface area, 365-mile shoreline,
517 feet maximum depth, and 6,665 square mile watershed.
Shasta Dam includes extensive outlet works with intakes at three elevations and a gated spillway (figure 3;
Johnson et al., 1991). Five power penstock intakes are located on the right abutment about 240 feet above
the bottom of the reservoir near the center of the dam, but only 25 feet from the reservoir bottom directly in
front of the dam. The power plant includes five turbines with a combined rated capacity of 583 megawatts.
Discharge capacity of the power plant is 17,600 ft
3
/s. The power plant is operated as a peaking plant with
releases varying hourly, daily, and seasonally as a function of power and water demand. Largest reservoir
releases occur during late spring and summer resulting in lower reservoir water levels.
Figure 1. Shasta Dam with penstocks, powerplant, and spillway in the foreground, and Shasta
Lake in the background.
PAP-0845
Page 1 of 92 Shasta Lake provides a
popular, diverse sport
fishery with both cold
and warm-water species
including chinook
salmon, rainbow trout,
brown trout, kokanee,
largemouth bass,
smallmouth bass,
spotted bass, black
crappie, bluegill,
channel catfish, and
white catfish. Other
abundant species
include Sacramento
sucker, Sacramento
squawfish, threadfin
shad, green sunfish, and
brown bullhead
(Reclamation 1991).
In order to control the
water temperature
below Shasta to protect
salmon, combined with
the need to minimize
power generation losses,
a Temperature Control
Device (TCD) was
installed at Shasta Dam
(Johnson 1991). The
new TCD has allowed
warm-shallow water
withdrawal early in the
season (spring/early summer) and cold-deep withdrawal later in the season (late summer/early fall). The
warm-shallow water releases allow cold water reserves to be saved and used to achieve colder river
temperatures during the late summer and early fall.
The TCD is a steel shutter device i